Biosemiotics deals with the processes of signs in all dimensions of nature. Semiosis is the primary form of intelligence. Intelligent behaviour becomes immediately understandable in this approach because semiosis combines causality with the triadic structure of the semiotic sign. Intelligence is a process created in a given context. In the course of evolution organisms have learned to create increasingly sophisticated internal representations of external state. Semiosis is the precursor of the emergence of a feature we consider intelligence. Biosemiotics also draws (...) attention to the distributed intelligence, which relies on external semiotic scaffoldings as much as on the subject’s abilities and knowledge. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that meditation has a direct bearing upon philosophical discourse by enabling us to distance ourselves from the basic structure of subjectivity that often limits the scope of reason. Recent neurobiological hypotheses are discussed in conjunction with the method of hermeneutic phenomenology to argue that interpretations on the level of our neurobiology underly and construct our experience of ourselves as subjects and the sense of explicit rational understanding that arises from it. This implies that prediscursive embodied (...) practice can play a crucial role in freeing our philosophical understanding from implicit assumptions. (shrink)

W pracy przeanalizowano motyw melancholii jako elementu wpisanego w życie młodopolskich bohaterów literackich zmagających się z gruźlicą. Tematem dociekań jest zależność między chorobą i ograniczonością ciała a nadnaturalnie szybkim rozwojem duchowym. Niezmienność otoczenia, izolację oraz obserwację kondycji fizycznej człowieka, postrzegane przez pryzmat dyskursu maladycznego, uznano w pracy za źródło głębokiej melancholicznej autorefleksji oraz przemyśleń o zmieniającym się świecie, z którego chory jest wykluczony.

Δημοσίευση δυό επιγραφών του Έθνικοΰ Μουσείου της Βαρσοβίας. Ή πρώτη είναι « επιτάφιος συντρόφου » δηλαδή ενός « θρεπτου », στον όποιο οι συμφοιτητές του ανέγειραν ένα ταπεινό ταφικό μνημείο. Ό λίθος προέρχεται πιθανόν άπό τή Φρυγία των αυτοκρατορικών χρόνων, καί άπό περιβάλλον επηρεασμένο πολιτιστικά άπό τή Ρώμη. Ή δεύτερη επιγραφή μας παρουσιάζει μιά οικογένεια άπό τή Φρυγία μέ τό δνομα Sestullii, σπουδαία οικογένεια, γνωστή χάρη στίς μελέτες του Mitchell. Πρόκειται χωρίς αμφιβολία γιά απελεύθερους πού έχτισαν οσο ζούσαν έναν οικογενειακό (...) τάφο-ήρώον. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to show the way in which human cognitive system uses external prostheses. Currently developed technologies provide human beings with tools that change their way of functioning in the environment, their understanding and the perspective from which they perceive the world. Modifying systems of thoughts, reasoning and modes of operation non­‑biological prostheses extend human cognitive system. A human being uses non­‑biological interfaces for processing information from the external world.

Book review: Bernd Heinrich, Umysł kruka. Badania i przygody w świecie wilczych ptaków, tł. Michał Szczubiałka, Wydawnictwo Czarne, Wołowiec, 2018, ss. 504.

The aim of the paper is to present the underlying reason of the unsolved symbol grounding problem. The Church-Turing Thesis states that a physical problem, for which there is an algorithm of solution, can be solved by a Turing machine, but machine operations neglect the semantic relationship between symbols and their meaning. Symbols are objects that are manipulated on rules based on their shapes. The computations are independent of the context, mental states, emotions, or feelings. The symbol processing operations are (...) interpreted by the machine in a way quite different from the cognitive processes. Cognitive activities of living organisms and computation differ from each other, because of the way they act in the real word. The result is the problem of mutual understanding of symbol grounding. (shrink)

Many of Beckett characters suffer from different kinds of disabilities and impairments, this being one of the ways of punishing them for “the eternal sin of having been born.” The article discusses blindness in Waiting for Godot, Endgame and All That Fall. In the first of these plays blindness afflicts Pozzo during the interval between the two acts, that is during a single night. Combined with the loss of his watch it is indicative of his entering the subjective realm of (...) timelessness. The blindness of Hamm in Endgame and his inability to walk make him dependant on Clov who is unable to sit, which recalls Pozzo’s dependence on Lucky in the second act. Similarly, the blind Mr Rooney also must get help from other people to be able to move around. In the case of all three plays blindness must be perceived on a literal, as well as metaphorical level. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to compare four versions of the text of Waitingfor Godot: the French original, Beckett’s own translation into English and two Polish renderings done by Julian Rogoziński and Antoni Libera. The article starts with a short discussion concerning rules governing the translation process and then its evaluation. While working on the transposition of the French original into English, Beckett introduced numerous changes, this being due to his sensitivity to the very quality of each of the (...) languages and specific references characteristic of the two cultures. Antoni Libera, an expert in Beckett’s oeuvre, argues that Beckett’s translations should be more adequately described as second language versions and that the artist recommended further translations based on his two language versions. Libera himself followed this recommendation while translating Beckett’s works into Polish. Upon publication, he provided illuminating notes, shedding light on the differences in Beckett’s versions and providing critical insight into the texts. Julian Rogoziński, on the other hand, based his translation of Waiting for Godot only on the French original. This accounts for the fact that, at times, his rendering of the text lacks precision and may not even be quite understandable. Rogoziński’s version is less satisfactory than that of Libera due to the fact that it was written earlier and by an older man, which at times results in the use of old-fashioned, outdated Polish diction and structures. (shrink)

How do people create coherence? Is it this creation of coherence which makes life understandable? Is not also faith, the belief in God, grounded on such a belief that the universe is understandable, although not to us? Our coherence building is not merely an individual activity, but thoroughly influenced by our education, religion, culture, and the society we live in. These provide us with conventions of thinking and knowledge, they are the building blocks of our construction of coherence. However, sometimes (...) they have become the fossilized ideas never to be questioned. The main question of this article is if linearity in the western tradition of causal thinking is not such a fossilized idea. Starting point is the story of the beginning in Gen. 1, because it is one of the fundamental proteins in the DNA string of the Jewish and Christian linear thinking. The aim of the article is to show how a non-linear approach to our conventions of coherence building may offer a more comprehensive view on causality, and how tales of vision in the Hebrew Bible, and especially in Genesis 1-3, support and broaden this view. (shrink)

Book review of: Vincent C. Müller, Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence, Springer International Publishing AG, 2016, pp. 570.

Treścią artykułu jest charakterystyka cech swoistych polskiej wersji modernizmu. Analiza polskiej myśli estetycznej z przełomu XIX i XX w. wskazuje, że program polskich modernistów niesłusznie utożsamia się z estetyzmem. Wydaje się, że modernistycznego odwrotu od rzeczywistości nie należy traktować jedynie jako ucieczki od skomplikowanych problemów ówczesnej codzienności. Równie uprawnione jest interpretowanie go jako sposobu wiodącego do zachowania wartości humanistycznych, które zatraciły się w otaczającej artystów rzeczywistości. Aksjologię modernistów uzasadniało założenie o monistycznym charakterze bytu. Jego naturalną konsekwencją było traktowanie sztuki - (...) ze względu na jej cechy - jako jedynego rodzaju działalności ludzkiej, który umożliwia kontakt z Absolutem. Bowiem zbliżenie do istoty rzeczy jest możliwe jedynie poprzez dzieło sztuki stanowiące przekaz wartości absolutnych. Wysoka ranga twórczości wynika z faktu, iż wartości te są zapośredniczone w duszy twórcy. (shrink)

In American ethnic literature of the last three decades of the 20th century, recurrent themes of mobility, travel, and “homing in” are emblematic of the search for identity. In this essay, which discusses three short stories, Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use,” Louise Erdrich’s “The World’s Greatest Fishermen,” and Daniel Chacon’s “The Biggest City in the World,” I attempt to demonstrate that as a consequence of technological development, with travel becoming increasingly accessible to ethnic Americans, their search for identity assumes wider range, (...) transcending national and cultural boundaries. (shrink)

Book review: Recenzja książki: Frans de Waal, Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 2016, ss. 473.

The following will analyze a surprising symmetry between the Leninist mode of reasoning and Solidarity's behavior with the help of Lévi-Strauss' notion of bricolage and Besançon's concept of “surreality.” A basic dualism pervades both communist ideology, i.e., the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, and everyday consciousness in “really existing socialist” societies. This dualism will be counterposed to a two-level thought, in which the world of ideas and the world of things are qualitatively different. This approach obviously clashes with the conventional wisdom (...) on the subject, both in Eastern Europe and in the West. Thus, it is claimed that, e.g., liberal or neo-conservative themes appear both in Poland and in the West. (shrink)

The article analyzes the world of transience, deterioration and death characteristic of Boghill, the place of action of Samuel Beckett’s short radio play-All That Fall. In a broadcast drama, existence is equivalent to being heard, the idea skilfully employed and commented upon by the playwright. The characters actually heard in the play are in most cases elderly or quite old and even the two young ones appear in the context of death. Numerous off-the-air individuals are dead, sterile or suffering from (...) different illnesses. The two main characters’ situation is not different-Mr Rooney is blind, and his wife, Maddy, complains of many ailments. She is a woman in her seventies, overweight and having different kinds of health problems and thus, several times in the course of the play she expresses a wish to die. At the same time, however, in encounters with men on her way to the station she speaks in a manner characterized by numerous sexual innuendos. Furthermore, she expresses a strong yearning for love and hopes her unloving husband would show her some warm feelings. Thus she becomes a convincing illustration of Georges Bataille’s argument: “Eroticism, it may be said, is assenting to life up to the point of death”. (shrink)

Praca stanowi przyczynek do badań nad życiem i twórczością Ignacego Dąbrowskiego – pisarza przełomu wieków XIX i XX. Jego rękopisy, zachowane przeważnie w znakomitym stanie, zgromadziła Aniela Skórska, siostrzenica literata. Dziś przechowywane są one w zbiorach Biblioteki Narodowej. Cyzelowane i wielokrotnie poprawiane utwory stanowią świadectwo złożonego procesu twórczego, jaki towarzyszył prozaikowi w pracy nad kolejnymi dziełami. Analiza zachowanych brulionów i manuskryptów pozwala na głębsze poznanie literackiej osobowości Dąbrowskiego – postaci skrytej i introwertycznej, a uporządkowanie materiałów rękopiśmiennych pomocne będzie w odtworzeniu (...) oraz weryfikacji faktów z jego życia. (shrink)

Artykuł jest współczesnym odniesieniem do tezy Wittgensteina, iż „granice mego języka są granicami mojego świata”. Konsumpcjonizm w połączeniu z liberalizmem oraz kulturą masową prowadzą do merkantylizacji i obiektywizacji świata i człowieka, do mentalności pragmatycznej i odpowiednich form ekspresji, których głównymi wyróżnikami są: ograniczenie człowieka do funkcji ekonomicznych oraz użytkowych. Pociągają za sobą zubożenie i pospolitość słownictwa oraz są związane z ogólną tendencją do trywializacji, np. wulgaryzacji mowy i słowa pisanego, szczególnie rażących w obliczu „estetyzacji życia”. Wiedzie to do wniosku, że (...) ten estetyzm jest jedynie powierzchowny i niekonsekwentny. Jednocześnie należy przestrzec przed ignorowaniem etycznych aspektów mowy i pisma. Może ono być niebezpieczne ze względu na siłę oddziaływania języka. Stanowi nie tylko formę upodlenia i znikczemnienia, lecz także głębokiej degradacji człowieczeństwa w człowieku. (shrink)